A mud volcano in southern Taiwan erupted on Wednesday, creating a dramatic display as water, sediment, and methane gas burst from the ground. The latest activity at the Wandan mud volcano attracted curious locals who gathered to witness the rare geological spectacle. Videos circulating online show residents tossing flaming rags into the erupting vent, igniting the methane gas escaping from beneath the earth’s surface and creating momentary bursts of flame. While visually striking, the scene also underscored the raw power and unpredictability of this unique natural feature.

The Wandan mud volcano, located in Pingtung County, has long been recognized as one of the most unusual and active mud volcanoes in Taiwan. According to geologist Dr Mark Tingay, who spoke to the BBC, what makes this site particularly fascinating is its combination of frequent eruptions and shifting vent locations. Although the volcano typically erupts from the same central spot, new eruption points have appeared kilometres away, demonstrating how dynamic and unpredictable underground gas and sediment pressures can be.

Mud volcanoes differ significantly from traditional lava volcanoes. Instead of molten rock, they expel a mixture of mud, groundwater, and gases—most notably methane. These eruptions are caused by pressure building up deep underground, often due to tectonic movement or the release of hydrocarbons trapped beneath sediment layers. When the pressure becomes too great, the earth’s surface ruptures, releasing a slurry of liquefied soil and gas. The eruptions generally pose limited explosive danger compared to magmatic volcanoes, but they can still cause damage to farmland, homes, and infrastructure if they occur suddenly or in new locations.

The Wandan site has erupted 11 times in the past three years, making it one of Taiwan’s most active geological features. Each eruption varies in intensity, but the frequency points to ongoing underground instability in the region. Experts believe that tectonic forces around Taiwan—an area where the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate interact—contribute to the recurring mud volcano activity. These geological processes constantly reshape the underground layers, creating pockets where gas and mud can accumulate before forcing their way to the surface.

Locals have developed a unique relationship with the mud volcano, seeing it not only as a natural hazard but also as a cultural curiosity. The recent videos of people igniting methane emissions highlight how familiar residents have become with the phenomenon. While the flaming displays draw attention, authorities typically caution against such practices due to potential risks from sudden gas surges or unpredictable eruptions.

Despite the spectacle, geologists emphasize that continuous monitoring of the Wandan mud volcano is essential. Its tendency to erupt in new locations means that nearby communities must remain vigilant. Even small shifts underground can lead to the formation of new vents far from the main site, surprising residents and impacting land use.

The latest eruption adds to the growing record of mud volcano activity in the region, providing scientists with valuable data while reminding the public of the extraordinary geological forces shaping Taiwan’s landscape. As the Wandan volcano continues its active cycle, both experts and locals will closely observe its next move.